Business EnglishPsychology

When a Expert Doubted Himself

Grammar: Modal Verbs

A Business English English lesson exploring psychology.

psychologymodal verbs

What's in this lesson

A Business English ESL lesson on psychology, practising modal verbs. The worksheet has a reading, target vocabulary, a grammar reference with practice and discussion questions.

From the reading: The Expert Who Doubted Himself

"I have always believed," Daniel Kahneman once told an interviewer at Princeton, "that the confidence people have in their judgements tells you almost nothing about how accurate those judgements actually are." Kahneman, who won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2002 despite being a psychologist, spent five decades documenting the gap between human confidence and human accuracy. His core finding was disarmingly simple: the more fluent and coherent a story feels, the more certain we feel — and the more dangerous that certainty becomes. He called this cognitive ease, the feeling that everything fits, that the picture is clear, that we could not possibly be wrong.

Vocabulary

  • blind evaluation
  • hindsight bias
  • overconfidence effect
  • peak-end rule

Grammar: Modal Verbs

Hedging with
This could suggest that confidence is unreliable. — softer claim, invites discussion
Cautious inference
The analyst may not have engaged System 2 at all. — uncertainty about what happened

Discussion questions

  1. Have you ever noticed an expert speak with complete certainty and then turn out to be completely wrong?
  2. Why do people trust someone who sounds confident more than someone who admits uncertainty?
  3. Do you think gut instinct is a strength or a risk in high-stakes professional decisions?

When a Expert Doubted Himself

Grammar: Modal Verbs

What's in this lesson:

Full lesson plan with reading, grammar, vocabulary, and discussion.

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