Sixty-two gas generators ran without permits near Vineland, New Jersey, releasing an estimated 140 tons of smog-forming gas before regulators intervened.
For almost a year, residents of Vineland, New Jersey, lived beside a sound they could not identify — a low, constant roar that one neighbor compared to an airplane parked behind her house. It was coming from DataOne, a Microsoft-linked data center whose 62 gas-fired generators were running without the permits New Jersey requires for major polluting facilities. The noise, it turns out, was the least of the problem. According to records obtained by the investigative outlet Floodlight, the generators released roughly 140 tons of nitrogen oxides, or NOx, during their unpermitted run — enough, by one Rutgers professor's estimate, to place DataOne among New Jersey's five largest NOx emitters of 2025.
NOx gases contribute to smog and have been linked to asthma, heart attacks and premature death. "It was the most important air pollutant in the US that affects most people," said Xiaomeng Jin, the Rutgers environmental scientist who analyzed the data. State regulators fined the company $1m last week but disclosed neither the duration of the violations nor their health toll on the surrounding community. The potential scale is more alarming still.
Bruce Buckheit, a former EPA air enforcement chief, calculated that if run at full capacity, DataOne's generator fleet could emit more than 1,500 tons of NOx annually — nearly double the limit imposed on Linden Cogeneration, New Jersey's largest permitted NOx source. Any facility capable of exceeding 25 tons a year is legally classified as a "major source," triggering environmental review and pollution controls before a single generator may even be installed. None of that happened in Vineland.