Do Tougher E-Scooter Laws Actually Work?
Grammar: Defining and non-defining relative clauses
A Level 4 English lesson exploring society.
What's in this lesson
A Level 4 (upper intermediate) ESL lesson on society, practising defining and non-defining relative clauses. The worksheet has a reading, target vocabulary, a grammar reference with practice and discussion questions.
From the reading: Do Tougher E-Scooter Laws Actually Work?
E-scooters have become a familiar sight on city streets across Europe, but their rise has come with a rising cost. Between June 2024 and May 2026, 30 children were admitted to Temple Street Hospital in Ireland with traumatic brain injuries linked to e-scooter crashes. Among those children, every single one suffered bleeding inside the skull, more than half required emergency neurosurgery, and almost all had not been wearing a helmet. Figures like these have pushed governments to act — but the harder question is whether the rules they introduce actually make riding safer.
Vocabulary
- familiar
- introduce
- reduce
- tough
- catching up
- on the other hand
- on the table
- push governments to act
- raise the bar
Grammar
- Defining relative
- The children who were not wearing helmets had the worst injuries. — identifies which ones; no commas
- Non-defining relative
- Dudley Curtis, who works for the ETSC, says evidence is uneven. — adds extra info; commas required
Discussion questions
- Have you ever ridden an e-scooter?
- Should cities ban vehicles that are difficult to regulate?
- Do you think age limits on transport are effective?
Do Tougher E-Scooter Laws Actually Work?
Grammar: Defining and non-defining relative clauses
What's in this lesson:
Full lesson plan with reading, grammar, vocabulary, and discussion.
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