Present Perfect + Rel. Clauses

Article excerpt · target grammar marked

Meera Pillai has visited fourteen countries, including Georgia, Colombia, and Senegal. Kwame, a teacher who has never left Ghana, has been building a community radio station for twelve years.

Grammar Reference · Present Perfect + Rel. Clauses

Present Perfect Simple

Use for completed experiences. She has visited fourteen countries. Signal words: ever, never, already, just, since, for.

Present Perfect

Use for ongoing actions with duration. He has been building the station for twelve years. Focus on effort or process.

Defining Relative

Identify which person, place or thing. Use who (people), which (things), whose (possession), where (places), when (time). No commas.

Common Error

Don't confuse 'which' and 'where'. The city where she grew up. ✓ The city which she grew up. ✗ — 'where' replaces 'in which' for places.

01Exercise 1 — Form · Write the Correct Form

Present Perfect + Rel. Clauses

1.Meera fourteen countries since 2021. (visit)

2.Kwame the radio station for twelve years. (build)

3.The researchers transformative travel for many years. (study)

4.She is the engineer visited fourteen countries.

5.The kitchen she ate with strangers was in Senegal.

6.He mentored students English improved dramatically.

02Exercise 2 — Transform

rewrite with the new structure

1.She visited Colombia last year.

2.He works on the project. He started in 2012.

3.The city is called Accra. Kwame grew up there.

4.She met a teacher. His advice changed her life.

5.They study travellers. Those travellers stay abroad for a month.

6.I found a café. I wrote my first article there.

7.She has been learning new languages. She started three years ago.

8.2019 was a year. Everything changed then.

03Exercise 3 — About You

in your notebook

Personalise: complete five sentences about yourself using the target grammar.

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