Cause & Effect Language

Article excerpt · target grammar marked

Wages have grown by 27% since 2012, but residential property prices rose by 75% over the same period. As a result, many young workers have been priced out.

Grammar Reference · Cause & Effect Language

lead to / result in

Use lead to or result in + noun: High rents led to record homelessness. Both verbs show one event producing another.

due to / owing to

Use before a noun phrase: Due to rising costs, many families moved away. More formal than 'because of' — common in reports.

consequently / as a

Sentence connector: Wages stagnated; consequently, fewer people could save. Follows a semicolon or starts a new sentence.

Common error

Because of the shortage ✓ vs Because the shortage ✗ — because of takes a noun; because takes a full clause.

01Exercise 1 — Form · Write the Correct Form

Cause & Effect Language

1.The government sold council housing on a large scale, a severe shortage of affordable homes.

2. the high cost of renting, many young people cannot save for a deposit.

3.Investment funds bought most new homes; , prices rose even further.

4.The no-fault eviction ban lapsed, in a sharp rise in termination notices.

5. decades of under-investment, Ireland now has a critical shortage of public housing.

6.Rents increased by 60% since 2015, thousands of working families into financial difficulty.

02Exercise 2 — Transform

rewrite with the new structure

1.Rents rose sharply. Many families could not afford to stay.

2.The government cut public housing. There is now a shortage.

3.Investment funds bought new homes. Prices went up.

4.Wages grew slowly. Fewer people could buy homes.

03Exercise 3 — About You

in your notebook

Personalise: complete five sentences about yourself using the target grammar.

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