Cause and Effect Language

Article excerpt · target grammar marked

As daylight shortens, serotonin production drops and melatonin rises, nudging populations toward caution. This leads to a measurable deceleration in consumer spending. As a result of this shift, companies in discretionary sectors adjust their Q4 models accordingly.

Grammar Reference · Cause and Effect Language

As / When

Use as or when when one change triggers another at the same time. As daylight shortens, spending falls.

Lead to / Result in

Both take a noun or gerund, not a clause. Lower confidence leads to reduced investment. The shift results in a spending slowdown.

Due to / Owing to

Both require a noun phrase — never a clause. Due to seasonal pressure, Q4 targets were revised. Owing to rising costs, margins fell.

Common error

Due to the confidence falls ✗ → Due to falling confidence ✓ — preposition needs a noun phrase after it.

01Exercise 1 — Form · Write the Correct Form

Cause and Effect Language

1. the autumn equinox, daylight hours fall below twelve.

2.Falling serotonin levels investors to act more cautiously.

3.Shorter days a drop in consumer confidence across the Northern Hemisphere.

4. rising melatonin levels, populations tend to spend less in autumn.

5.The seasonal affective bias underperformance among fund managers each September.

6. investor psychology resets, equity markets often experience sharp turning points.

02Exercise 2 — Find and Correct the Error

find the error · rewrite the sentence

1.Due to daylight hours fall, markets become more volatile.

2.The equinox causes that consumer sentiment shifts abruptly.

3.Despite of the data, many managers ignore seasonal patterns.

4.Lower confidence leads investors to underperforming targets.

5.As a result of serotonin drops, spending behaviour changes.

6.The ratio of 0.618 results in that prices retrace sharply.

7.Owing to traders believe the model, it becomes self-fulfilling.

03Exercise 3 — About You

in your notebook

Personalise: complete five sentences about yourself using the target grammar.

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